Bava Kamma 92

Chapter 92

א ואי ליכא לאשתלומי מיניה לישקליה לתורא בזוזי דאמרי אנשי ממרי רשוותך פארי אפרע
1 I may here ask: If the vendor had not the wherewithal for making payment, why not take the ox in lieu of money?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Since the meat of the ox is worth the purchase money. ');"><sup>1</sup></span>
ב לא צריכא דאיכא לאשתלומי מיניה
2 Do not people say, 'From the owner of your loan<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e. from your debtor who is now the owner of the money lent to him; cf. the Roman 'Mutuum'. ');"><sup>2</sup></span>
ג רב אמר הרי זה מקח טעות זיל בתר רובא ורובא דאינשי לרדיא הוא דזבני ושמואל אמר יכול שיאמר לו לשחיטה מכרתיו לך ולא אזלינן בתר רובא כי אזלינן בתר רובא באיסורא אבל בממונא לא אזלינן בתר רובא אלא המוציא מחבירו עליו הראיה
3 take payment even in bran'? — No, this is to be applied where he had the wherewithal for making payment.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' In which case the creditor is entitled to ready cash; cf. Tosaf. a.l. and supra 9a; 27a; B.B. 92b. ');"><sup>3</sup></span>
ד תניא נמי הכי שור שנגח את הפרה ונמצא עוברה בצדה ואינו יודע אם עד שלא נגחה ילדה אם משנגחה ילדה משלם חצי נזק לפרה ורביע נזק לולד דברי סומכוס וחכמים אומרים המוציא מחבירו עליו הראיה
4 Rab who said that it was a voidable purchase maintained that we decide according to the majority of cases, and the majority of people buy for field work. Samuel, however, said that the vendor might plead against him, 'It was for slaughter that I sold it to thee,' and that we do not follow the majority,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Which is otherwise an accepted principle in Rabbinic Law; cf. Hul. 11b. ');"><sup>4</sup></span>
ה א"ר שמואל בר נחמני מניין להמוציא מחבירו עליו הראיה שנאמר (שמות כד, יד) מי בעל דברים יגש אליהם יגיש ראיה אליהם
5 for we follow the majority only in ritual matters, but in pecuniary cases we do not follow the majority, but whoever has a [pecuniary] claim against his neighbour the onus probandi falls upon him.
ו מתקיף לה רב אשי הא למה לי קרא סברא הוא דכאיב ליה כאיבא אזיל לבי אסיא
6 It has been taught to the same effect: 'Where an ox gored a cow and its [newly-born] calf was found [dead] nearby, so that it was unknown whether the birth of the calf preceded the goring, or followed the goring, half damages will be paid for [injuries inflicted upon] the cow but only quarter damages will be paid for [the loss of] the calf; this is the view of Symmachus. The Sages, however, say: If one claims anything from his neighbour, the onus probandi falls upon him.
ז אלא קרא לכדר"נ אמר רבה בר אבוה דאמר רב נחמן אמר רבה בר אבוה מניין שאין נזקקין אלא לתובע תחלה שנאמר מי בעל דברים יגש אליהם יגיש דבריו אליהם
7 R. Samuel b. Nahmani stated: Whence can we learn that the onus probandy falls on the claimant? It is said: <i>If any man have any matters to do, let him come unto them</i>,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ex. XXIV, 14. ');"><sup>5</sup></span>
ח אמרי נהרדעי פעמים שנזקקין לנתבע תחלה והיכי דמי דקא זילי נכסיה:
8 [implying] 'let him bring evidence before them'. But R. Ashi demurred, saying: Do we need Scripture to tell us this?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Keth. 22a and Nid. 25a. ');"><sup>6</sup></span>
ט וכן פרה שנגחה את השור [וכו'] חצי נזק ורביע נזק פלגא נזקא הוא דבעי שלומי כולי נזקא נכי רבעא מאי עבידתיה
9 Is it not common sense that if a man has a pain he visits the healer? No: the purpose of the verse is to corroborate the statement made by R. Nahman on behalf of Rabbah b. Abbuha: Whence can we learn that judges should give prior consideration to the first plaintiff?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., where A instituted an action against B, and B on appearance introduced a counter-claim against A; cf. Rashi and Tosaf. a.l., and Sanh. 35a. ');"><sup>7</sup></span>
י אמר אביי חצי נזק אחד מארבעה בנזק ורביע נזק אחד משמנה בנזק
10 It is said: If any man have any matters to do, let him come unto them<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Ex. XXIV, 14. ');"><sup>5</sup></span>
יא ואי פרה וולד דחד נינהו ה"נ דמצי א"ל לבעל פרה ממה נפשך חצי נזק הב לי אלא לא צריכא דפרה דחד וולד דחד
11 [implying]: let him cause his matters to be brought [first] before them. The Nehardeans however, said; It may sometimes be necessary to give prior consideration to the defendant, as for instance in a case where his property would otherwise depreciate in value.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Where, e.g., he has an opportunity of disposing of the estate concerned at a high price — an opportunity he might miss through any delay in a settlement of his counter-claim. ');"><sup>8</sup></span>
יב ואי דקדים תבעיה לבעל פרה תחלה הכי נמי דאמר ליה לבעל פרה פרה דידך אזיקתן הב לי ראיה דאית לך שותפי
12 SO ALSO WHERE A COW GORED AN OX etc. [We have here] half damages plus quarter damages! Is it not [only] half of the damage that need be paid for? What then have full damages less a quarter to do here? — Abaye said: Half of the damage means one quarter of the damage,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., a half of the half, as half constitutes the whole payment in the case of Tam. ');"><sup>9</sup></span>
יג אלא דקדים תבעיה לבעל ולד תחלה דאמר ליה גלית אדעתך דשותפא אית לי
13 and a quarter of the damage means one eighth of the damage.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., a quarter of the half. ');"><sup>10</sup></span>
יד איכא דאמרי אף על גב דקדים תבעיה לבעל פרה תחלה מצי מדחי ליה דאמר ליה מידע ידעי (אנא) דשותפא אית לי
14 It is true that where the cow and the calf belong to one owner, the plaintiff would be entitled to plead against the owner of the cow, 'In any case, have you not to pay me half damages?'<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Since both the cow and the calf belong to you. ');"><sup>11</sup></span>
טו אמר רבא אטו אחד מארבעה בנזק ואחד משמנה בנזק קתני חצי נזק ורביע נזק קתני אלא אמר רבא לעולם בפרה וולד דחד והכי קאמרינן איתה לפרה משתלם חצי נזק מפרה
15 The ruling, however, applies to the case where the cow belonged to one and the calf to another.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' As e.g., where the cow was sold with the exception of its offspring; Rashi. ');"><sup>12</sup></span> Again, where the plaintiff claimed from the owner of the cow first it would still also make no difference, as he would be entitled to argue against the owner of the cow, 'It was your cow that did me the damage, [and it is for you to] produce evidence that there is a joint defendant with you.'<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' That is, that the calf took part in the goring, otherwise you must be held solely responsible. ');"><sup>13</sup></span> But where the rule applies is to a case where he claimed from the owner of the calf first, in which case the owner of the cow may say to him, 'You have made clear your opinion that there is a joint defendant with me.'<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' So that I cannot accordingly be held liable for all the damages. ');"><sup>14</sup></span> Some, however, say that even where the plaintiff claimed from the owner of the cow first, the latter might put him off by saying, 'It is definitely known to me<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Unless you prove to the contrary. ');"><sup>15</sup></span> that there is a joint defendant with me.'<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' So that I cannot accordingly be held liable for all the damages. ');"><sup>14</sup></span> Raba said: Is then 'a fourth of the damage' and 'an eighth of the damage' mentioned in the text? Is not 'half damages' and 'quarter damages' stated in the text?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' How then could Abaye interpret half-damages to mean quarter damages, and quarter damages to mean an eighth of the damage? ');"><sup>16</sup></span> — Raba therefore said: We suppose that in fact the cow and the calf belonged to one owner,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' In the case stated in the Mishnah. ');"><sup>17</sup></span> and the meaning is this: Where the cow is available,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' To be distrained upon for the damages in accordance with the law applicable to Tam. ');"><sup>18</sup></span> the payment of half damages will be made out of the cow.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' As she definitely did the damage. ');"><sup>19</sup></span>